Cite Them Right by
This is the leading guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, covering everything from understanding plagiarism and identifying sources to setting out quotations and creating a reference list. Comprehensive and accessible, it provides readers with detailed examples of print and electronic sources, business, government, technical and legal publications, works of art, images and much more. Packed with practical tips and example sources in both citations and reference lists, it makes referencing manageable and easy to follow for everyone. The tenth edition of this bestselling book is an essential resource for anyone doing original research for written assignments, including students, teachers, authors, librarians and non-academic researchers.
There are thousands of citation styles in use. Your lecturer, course director or supervisor may tell you to use a particular one, or allow you to choose one on your own.
Guides for each style will tell you how to format the references:
Many different styles are in use in Trinity College Dublin - for definitive answers you should use the full style manual for each system.
We are going to see what a reference looks like using using different citation styles. Here's the information we want to reference:
We will demonstrate how this appears in two different referencing systems, namely Harvard (an inline style) and Vancouver (a numbered style).
Inline citations use a brief summary of the reference in the text (such as listing the author and date, or the author and title, or author and page) with the full reference stated at the end of the chapter or work.
This final list is called a reference list or bibliography.
Generally the full list of references will be in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname.
Inline styles are sometimes called the “Harvard” style as they were first used at Harvard in the 1880s. They are also called “Parenthetical” styles as they enclose the partial information in brackets.
It is important to note that there are many variations of the Harvard style, so always check if there is a specific one that is required.
The Library has books on this (and other) styles available to guide students on how to reference correctly.
Here's our example in the Harvard style. It is important to note that there are many variations of the Harvard style, so always check if there is a specific one that is required.
In the text:
This research shows that... (Yingchoncharoen, Kalinowski and Richardson, 2016).
Reference list:
Yingchoncharoen, P., Kalinowski, D. S. and Richardson, D. R. (2016) ‘Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What Is Yet to Come’, Pharmacological Reviews, 68(3), pp. 701-787.
Numbered styles list references in the order they are mentioned, using a digit in the text to refer to the fuller citation at the end.
If a reference is mentioned again later, it reuses the same number.
The most common numbered style is Vancouver - while this style has its own particular rules, numbered styles in general are often referred to as Vancouver styles.
Here's our example in the Vancouver style:
In the text:
This research shows that... (1)
Reference list:
1. Yingchoncharoen P, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What Is Yet to Come. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 July;68(3):701-87.
